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海擇短評 Haize Comment：
Recently, Spain's antitrust regulator CNMC (The National Commission on Markets and Competition) announced an investigation into Booking (NASDAQ: BKNG) over "possible unfair competition" for violating Article 102 of "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union". The complainants were the Spanish Association of Hotel Managers and the Madrid Hotel Business Association.
Here let's explain Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. This part is about abuse of market dominance and unfair competition, which normally refers to the exclusivity, one-of-two, the most favorable negotiated price between OTA and hotels, etc., which are all included in this part. The original text of the EU regulation reads as follows:
(a) directly or indirectly imposing unfair purchase or selling prices or other unfair trading conditions;
(b) limiting production, markets or technical development to the prejudice of consumers;
(c) applying dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions with other trading parties, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage;
(d) making the conclusion of contracts subject to acceptance by the other parties of supplementary obligations which, by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subject of such contracts.
While these all seem like OTAs' practices, the business case has always been difficult to judge unilaterally. There are only two things we can be certain:
1. At present, the antitrust investigation is still within the scope of Spain and has not been upgraded to the European Union; from the perspective of public statements, both parties are very restrained.
2. Currently, the dominant market position of Booking is weaker than in the past, hotels have the right to speak even if they are financially dependent on the popular accommodation services website.
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近期西班牙當地的反壟斷監管機構CNMC(The National Commission on Markets and Competition)公告對Booking(NASDAQ: BKNG)進行"不正當競爭"的調查，原因是違反《歐盟運作條約(Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union)》第102條，投訴方則是西班牙酒店經理協會(Spanish Association of Hotel Managers)和馬德里酒店商業協會(Madrid Hotel Business Association)。
在此我們先解說下《歐盟運作條約》第102條，這部分談的是濫用市場支配地位不正當競爭，我們一般所理解會發生在OTA與酒店的排他、二選一、協議價格最優惠等，都涵蓋在這部分。歐盟法規的原文說明如下：
(a) directly or indirectly imposing unfair purchase or selling prices or other unfair trading conditions(直接或間接強加不公平的價格或交易條件);
(b) limiting production, markets or technical development to the prejudice of consumers(該行為會限制生產、市場或技術的發展，從而損害消費者利益);
(c) applying dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions with other trading parties, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage(要求交易方對競爭者的相同交易適用不同條件，從而使其處於競爭劣勢);
(d) making the conclusion of contracts subject to acceptance by the other parties of supplementary obligations which, by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subject of such contracts.(以合約強迫當事人接受附加義務，而附加義務與商業慣例與合約目的無關) 。
雖然這些看起來確實都很像是OTA會做的事，但商業上的是非曲直一向難以單方論斷。我們能確定的事只有兩點：
1. 目前不正當競爭調查仍處於西班牙的範圍，尚未上升到歐盟；而從公開發言看，雙方都很節制。
2. 當前Booking在西班牙的宰制能力比過去差，至少現在酒店勇於投訴，不是Booking能帶來訂單就萬幸，酒店完全敢怒不敢言的狀態。
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최근 스페인 반독점 규제 기관인 CNMC(The National Commission on Markets and Competition)는 Booking(NASDAQ: BKNG)에 대한 '부당 경쟁'조사를 발표했다. 그 이유는 이 회사가 <유럽연합의 기능에 관한 조약(Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union)> 제102조를 위반했기 때문이다. 고소인은 스페인 호텔 경영자 협회(Spanish Association of Hotel Managers)와 마드리드 호텔 비즈니스 협회(Madrid Hotel Business Association)다.
<유럽연합의 기능에 관한 조약> 제102조에 대해 설명해 보겠다. 이 부분은 시장 주도적 지위 남용과 부정경쟁에 관한 것이다. 통상 OTA와 호텔 간 배타성, 양자택일, 최대 할인 협상 가격 등을 말하는데 다 이 부분에 포함된다. 유럽연합 법규의 원문은 다음과 같다.
(a) directly or indirectly imposing unfair purchase or selling prices or other unfair trading conditions(불공평한 구매판매가격 또는 기타 불공평한 거래조건을 직간접적으로 가한다.)
(b) limiting production, markets or technical development to the prejudice of consumers(소비자에게 불리한 생산, 시장 또는 기술 발전을 제한한다.)
(c) applying dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions with other trading parties, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage(다른 무역업체와의 동등한 거래에 서로 다른 조건을 적용하여 경쟁에서 불리한 위치에 처하게 한다.)
(d) making the conclusion of contracts subject to acceptance by the other parties of supplementary obligations which, by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subject of such contracts(계약을 체결하는 것은 다른 당사자가 보충 의무를 받아들이는 것을 조건으로 하고 이러한 보충 의무의 성격이나 상업 습관에 따라 계약의 주체와 무관하다.)
모두 OTA의 처사로 보이지만 비즈니스 사례는 항상 일방적으로 판단하기 어렵다. 단지 두 가지만 우리는 확신할 수 있다.
1. 현재 반독점 조사는 여전히 스페인의 범위 내에 있으며 아직 유럽연합으로 업그레이드되지 않았다. 공개 성명 차원에서 양측 모두 절제하고 있다.
2. 현재 Booking의 시장 주도적 지위는 과거보다 약하다. 과거의 '묵묵부답'에 비해 오늘날의 호텔의 손님 원천은 여전히 인기 있는 숙박 서비스 사이트(Booking)에 의존하더라도 과감하게 목소리를 낸다.
文章鏈接 Hyperlink：https://www.reuters.com/technology/spanish-competition-watchdog-launches-probe-into-bookingcom-2022-10-17/
資料來源 Resource：Reuters
標籤 Label：Spain antitrust CNMC Booking OTA